The Group has elected to present a statement of cash flows that includes an analysis of all cash flows in total - including both continuing and discontinued operations. Amounts related to discontinued operations by operating, investing and financing activities are disclosed in Note 20.

1. Corporate information 

Eleving Group S.A. (hereinafter “the Parent Company”) is a Luxembourg company incorporated on December 18, 2012 as a Société Anonyme for an unlimited duration, subject to the Company Law in Luxembourg. The Parent Company is registered in Luxembourg trade register under number B174457.

The consolidated financial statements include Eleving group S.A. and its affiliated undertakings (hereinafter “the Group”):

* - The Group (i) exercises effective power over the subsidiary, (ii) is exposed to variable returns from involvement with the subsidiary and (iii) has the ability to use power over the subsidiary to affect the amount of those returns.

Changes in equity interest percentages are mainly driven by vesting of share option plans for key management employees.

The core business activity of the Group comprises of providing finance lease services, leaseback financing services and loans and advances to customers as well as car retail.

a) Basis of preparation

The Group’s consolidated financial statements and its financial result are affected by accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and management judgement (Note 3), which necessarily have to be made in the course of preparation of the annual consolidated financial statements.

The Group's management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities within the current and next financial period. All estimates and assumptions required in conformity with IFRS are best estimates undertaken in accordance with the applicable standard. Estimates and judgements are evaluated on a continuous basis, and are based on past experience and other factors, including expectations with regard to future events. Accounting policies and management’s judgements for certain items are especially critical for the Group’s results and financial situation due to their materiality. Future events may occur which cause the assumptions used in arriving at the estimates to change. The effect of any changes in estimates will be recorded in the financial statements, when determinable.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared on a historical cost basis as modified by the recognition of financial instruments measured at fair value, and except for inventory which is accounted in lower of cost or net realizable value and contingent consideration that has been measured at fair value.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated. When necessary amounts reported by subsidiaries have been adjusted to conform to the Group’s accounting policies.

The Group's presentation and functional currency is euro (EUR). The financial statements cover the period from 1 January 2023 till 31 December 2023. Accounting policies and methods are consistent with those applied in the previous years, except as described below.

b) Changes in accounting policy and disclosures

The accounting policies adopted are consistent with those of the previous financial year.

c) New standards, interpretations and amendments adopted from 1 January 2023

The following amendments are effective for the period beginning 1 January 2023:

- IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts;
- Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements);
- Definition of Accounting Estimates (Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors); 
- Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes); and
- International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes) (effective immediately upon the issue of the amendments and retrospectively).

These amendments to various IFRS Accounting Standards are mandatorily effective for reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023. See the applicable notes for further details on how the amendments affected the Group.

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

IFRS 17 was issued by the IASB in 2017 and replaces IFRS 4 for annual reporting period beginning on or after 1 January 2023.

IFRS 17 introduces an internationally consistent approach to the accounting for insurance contracts. Prior to IFRS 17, significant diversity has existed worldwide relating to the accounting for and disclosure of insurance contracts, with IFRS 4 permitting many previous accounting approaches to be followed.  

Since IFRS 17 applies to all insurance contracts issued by an entity (with limited scope exclusions), its adoption may have an effect on non-insurers such as Eleving Group. The Group carried out an assessment of its contracts and operations and concluded that the adoption of IFRS 17 has had no effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Group.   

Disclosure of Accounting Policies (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements)

In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2. The amendments aim to make accounting policy disclosures more informative by replacing the requirement to disclose ‘significant accounting policies’ with ‘material accounting policy information’. The amendments also provide guidance under what circumstance, the accounting policy information is likely to be considered material and therefore requiring disclosure. 

These amendments have no effect on the measurement or presentation of any items in the Consolidated financial statements of the Group but affect the disclosure of accounting policies of the Group.

Definition of Accounting Estimates (Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in 
Accounting Estimates and Errors) 

The amendments to IAS 8, which added the definition of accounting estimates, clarify that the effects of a change in an input or measurement technique are changes in accounting estimates, unless resulting from the correction of prior period errors. These amendments clarify how entities make the distinction between changes in accounting estimate, changes in accounting policy and prior period errors. 

These amendments had no effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes) 

In May 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 12, which clarify whether the initial recognition exemption applies to certain transactions that result in both an asset and a liability being recognised simultaneously (e.g. a lease in the scope of IFRS 16). The amendments introduce an additional criterion for the initial recognition exemption, whereby the exemption does not apply to the initial recognition of an asset or liability which at the time of the transaction, gives rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. 

These amendments had no effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Group.

International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules (Amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes)

In December 2021, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released a draft legislative framework for a global minimum tax that is expected to be used by individual jurisdictions. The goal of the framework is to reduce the shifting of profit from one jurisdiction to another in order to reduce global tax obligations in corporate structures. In March 2022, the OECD released detailed technical guidance on Pillar Two of the rules. 

Stakeholders raised concerns with the IASB about the potential implications on income tax accounting, especially accounting for deferred taxes, arising from the Pillar Two model rules. The IASB issued the final Amendments (the Amendments) International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules, in response to stakeholder concerns on 23 May 2023.  

The Amendments introduce a mandatory exception to entities from the recognition and disclosure of information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two model rules. The exception is effective immediately and retrospectively. The Amendments also provide for additional disclosure requirements with respect to an entity’s exposure to Pillar Two income taxes.

Management of the Group has determined that the Group is not within the scope of OECD’s Pillar Two Model Rules and the exception to the recognition and disclosure of information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes is not applicable to the Group since it does not exceed threshold of revenue of 750 million EUR.

d) New standards, interpretations and amendments not yet effective

There are a number of standards, amendments to standards, and interpretations which have been issued by the IASB that are effective in future accounting periods that the Group has decided not to adopt early.  

The following amendments are effective for the period beginning 1 January 2024:

- Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases);
- Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements); 
- Non-current Liabilities with Covenants (Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements); and
- Supplier Finance Arrangements (Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures) 

The following amendments are effective for the period beginning 1 January 2025:

Lack of Exchangeability (Amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates)

The Group is currently assessing the impact of these new accounting standards and amendments. The Group does not believe that the amendments to IAS 1 will have a significant impact on the classification of its liabilities. The Group does not expect any other standards issued by the IASB, but are yet to be effective, to have a material impact on the Group.

e) Reclassification of comparative indicators

As described in Note 20, in 2024 the Group sold all its subsidiaries in Belarus therefore has reclassified their results to discontinued operations.  This resulted in change in Consolidated Statement of Profit and Loss and Other Comprehensive Income as well as in Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

The Group also identified that in 2022 it had misstated the deferred tax asset. This also was amended in restated figures of 2022.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Foreign currency translation

The consolidated financial statements are presented in euro (EUR), which is the presentation currency of the Group. EUR is the monetary unit of Luxembourg, where the Parent Company is established. Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the euro at the reference exchange rate fixed by the European Central Bank at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into EUR applying the reference exchange rate established by the European Central Bank at the last day of the reporting year. The differences arising on settlements of transactions or on reporting foreign currency transactions at rates different from those at which these transactions have originally been recorded in the profit and loss and presented within finance costs.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. The non-monetary items are carried at historical cost and no further retranslation is performed.

For the purpose of presenting consolidated financial statements, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations except non-monetary items, valued at historical exchange rate are translated into euros at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of profit and loss and other comprehensive income are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the dates of transactions. If subsidiary’s functional currency differs from the presentation currency of the Group, income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period, unless exchange rates fluctuated significantly during the period, in which case the currency exchange rates at the date of the transactions are applied. The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of other comprehensive income relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified in profit or loss.

Currency exchange rates used for translation of foreign operations into euros:

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including contingent consideration, measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether it measures the non-controlling interest in the acquiree either at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition costs incurred are expensed and included in other operating expense in the statement of profit and loss.

When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date and any difference is recognized in profit and loss. 

If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Group reports in its financial statements provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. During the measurement period, the Group will retrospectively adjust the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. During the measurement period, the Group will also recognize additional assets or liabilities if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as the Group receives the information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not obtainable. However, the measurement period shall not exceed one year from the acquisition date. 

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability will be recognized in accordance with IFRS 9 in profit or loss. If the contingent consideration is classified as equity, it will not be remeasured. Subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. In instances where the contingent consideration does not fall within the scope of IFRS 9, it is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

Discontinued operations

A discontinued operation is a component of the Group’s business, the operations and cash flows of which can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the Group and which:
- represents a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations;
- is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations; or
- is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.
Classification as a discontinued operation occurs at the earlier of disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held-for-sale.
When an operation is classified as a discontinued operation, the comparative statement of profit or loss and OCI is re-presented as if the operation had been discontinued from the start of the comparative year.

Goodwill

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognized for non-controlling interests, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If this consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the gain is recognized in profit or loss statement immediately.

Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses, if any. The Group tests goodwill for impairment at least annually and whenever there are indications that goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating units. Such units represent the smallest groups of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets or CGUs. Measurement of gains or losses on disposal of an operation within a cash generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated include the carrying amount of goodwill associated with the disposed operation, generally measured on the basis of the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit which is retained. Impairment is recognized whenever the carrying value of CGU to which goodwill is allocated is above the recoverable value of such CGU.

The recoverable amount of cash generating units has been determined based on value in use calculations. These calculations require the use of estimates as disclosed in Note 21.

Internally generated intangible assets

Internally generated intangible assets primarily include the development costs of the Group's information management systems. These costs are capitalized only if they satisfy the criteria as defined by IAS38 and described below.

Internal and external development costs on management information systems arising from the development phase are capitalized. Significant maintenance and improvement costs are added to the initial cost of assets if they specifically meet the capitalization criteria.

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. Internally generated intangible assets cost value is increased by Group's information technology costs - salaries and social security contribution capitalization. All other expenditure is recognised in profit or loss as incurred. Asset useful life is reassessed by management at each year end and amortization periods adapted accordingly.

Internally generated intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives of 7 years. The main internally generated intangible assets are CRM systems.

According to IAS38, development costs shall be capitalized if, and only if, the Group can meet all of the following criteria:

- the project is clearly identified and the related costs are itemized and reliably monitored;
- the technical and industrial feasibility of completing the project is demonstrated;
- there is a clear intention to complete the project and to use or sell the intangible asset arising from it;
- the Group has the ability to use or sell the intangible asset arising from the project;
- the Group can demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;
- the Group has adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the project and to use or sell the intangible asset.

When these conditions are not satisfied, development costs generated by the Group are recognized as an expense when incurred.

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is completed and the asset is available for use.

Additional information is included in Notes 3 and 21.

Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:

Other intangible assets

Other intangible non-current assets are stated at cost and amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. The carrying values of intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Losses from impairment are recognized where the carrying value of intangible non-current assets exceeds their recoverable amount.

Other intangible assets mainly consists of acquired computer software products.

Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:

Trademarks, licenses and customer contracts (if separable) acquired in a business combination are recognized at fair value at the acquisition date.

Trademarks are used to identify and distinguish specific brand names of companies. The rights to use brand names have a set expiry date, however it is renewable at a notional cost. The group intends to renew the trademark continuously and past evidence supports its ability to do so. An analysis of future cash flows provides evidence that the brands will generate net cash inflows for the group for an indefinite period. Therefore, the trademarks are considered to have infinite useful lives and are measured at cost less accumulated impairment losses if the recoverable amount is lower than carrying value. Such impairment testing is done annually by allocating trademarks to relevant CGUs and estimating their value in use (VIU). Please see Note 21 for further details.

Property, plant and equipment

Equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment in value. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset as described below. If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items:

An item of equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the item) is included in the statement of profit and loss in the year the item is derecognized.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

Rental fleet

Rental fleet includes assets leased by the Group (as lessor) under operating leases. Group accounts for the underlying assets in accordance with IAS 16. Depreciation policy for the underlying assets subject to operating leases is consistent with the Group’s depreciation policy for similar assets (vehicles) and amounts to 7 years.

Group adds initial direct costs, including The Global Positioning System (GPS) costs and dealership commissions, incurred in obtaining the operating lease to the carrying amount of the underlying asset and recognizes those costs as an expense over the lease term on the same basis as the lease income.

The Group applies the general principles described under ‘Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions’ (Note 3) to determine whether an underlying asset subject to an operating lease may have residual value unrecoverable and impairment loss may need to be recognized.

Financial assets

Classification of financial assets

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Business model assessment

The Group determines its business model at the level that best reflects how it manages groups of financial assets to achieve its business objective - the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and the way those risks are managed. The frequency, volume and timing of sales  in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and its expectations about future sales activity are also important aspects of the Group’s assessment. However, information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Group’s stated objective for managing the financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realised. The business model assessment is based on reasonably expected scenarios without taking 'worst case' or 'stress case’ scenarios into account. If cash flows after initial recognition are realized in a way that is different from the Group's original expectations, the Group does not change the classification of the remaining financial assets held in that business model, but incorporates such information when assessing newly originated or newly purchased financial assets going forward. The assessed business model is with the intention to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows. Sales that take place from these portfolios relate to credit events. Loans from portfolios might be sold to debt collector agencies when underlying debtors have defaulted on their obligations. When, and only when, an entity changes its business model for managing financial assets it shall reclassify all affected financial assets. No financial liability reclassifications take place.

SPPI test

As a second step of its classification process the Group assesses, where relevant, the contractual terms of the financial assets to identify whether they meet the SPPI test. Financial assets subject to SPPI testing are loans and advances to customers (including financial assets arising from sales and leaseback transactions, as discussed in a separate section of this note)  and loans to related parties that solely include payments of principal and interest.  ‘Principal’ for the purpose of this test is defined as the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition and may change over the life of the financial asset (for example, if there are repayments of principal or amortization of the premium/discount). The most significant elements of interest within a lending arrangement are typically the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are SPPI, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition.
In making the assessment, the Group principally considers:
   -  contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;
   -  prepayment and extension terms; and
   - terms that limit the Group’s claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse loans).

In general, the loan contracts stipulate that in case of default and collateral repossession the claim is not limited to the collateral repossession and if the collateral value does not cover the remaining debt, additional resources can still be claimed from the borrower to compensate for credit risk losses. Accordingly, this aspect does not create obstacles to passing SPPI test. However, in some cases, loans made by the Group that are secured by collateral of the borrower limit the Group’s claim to cash flows of the underlying collateral (non-recourse loans). The group applies judgment in assessing whether the non-recourse loans meet the SPPI criterion. The Group typically considers the following information when making this judgement:
   - whether the contractual arrangement specifically defines the amounts and dates of the cash payments of the loan;
   - the fair value of the collateral relative to the amount of the underlying loan; 
   - the ability and willingness of the borrower to make contractual payments, notwithstanding a decline in the value of collateral;
   - the Group’s risk of loss on the asset relative to a full-recourse loan; and 
   - whether the Group will benefit from any upside from the underlying assets.

According to the judgement made the non-recourse loans that are secured by collateral of the borrower meet the SPPI criterion.

Embedded derivatives

The Group has certain call and put option agreements that can accelerate repayment of the issued bonds. These options arise out of bond (host contract) prospectus and individual agreements with certain bondholders and meet the definition of an embedded derivative in accordance with IFRS 9. An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid instrument that also includes a non-derivative host contract with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative. An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contract to be modified according to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided that, in the case of a non-financial variable, it is not specific to a party to the contract. A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument, but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has a different counterparty from that instrument, is not an embedded derivative, but a separate financial instrument. The Group accounts for an embedded derivative separately from the host contract when:
   - the host contract is not an asset in the scope of IFRS 9;
   - the host contract is not itself carried at FVPL;
   - the terms of the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative if they were contained in a separate contract; and
   - the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract.

Separated embedded derivatives are measured at fair value, with all changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss (unless they form part of a qualifying cash flow or net investment hedging relationship) and presented in the statement of financial position together with the host contract. The Group has derivatives embedded in financial liabilities and non-financial host contracts, see further information under 'Separation of embedded derivatives from the host contract' (Note 3). Financial assets are classified based on the business model and SPPI assessments as outlined above. Please refer to Note 3 for further discussion on embedded derivative details and considerations of separability.

The Group also has receivables recognized at fair value due to them containing a derivative element. When measuring the fair value of an asset, the Group uses observable market data as far as possible. Fair values are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Modifications

The Group sometimes makes modifications to the original terms of loans/lease as a response to the borrower’s financial difficulties, rather than taking possession or to otherwise enforce collection of collateral. The Group considers a lease/loan restructured when such modifications are provided as a result of the borrower’s present or expected financial difficulties and the Group would not have agreed to them if the borrower had been financially healthy. Indicators of financial difficulties include default or DPDs prior to the modifications. Such modifications may involve extending the payment arrangements and the agreement of new loan conditions.

If the modification does not result in cash flows that are substantially different, as set out in the preceding section, the modification does not result in derecognition. Based on the change in cash flows discounted at the original EIR, the Group records a modification gain or loss in interest revenue/expenses calculated using the effective interest method (Note 4, 5) in the consolidated statements of profit and loss, to the extent that an impairment loss has not already been recorded (Note 7). Further information on modified financial assets and finance lease receivables is disclosed in the following section on impairment.

Further, as described in section on 'Derecognition due to substantial modification of terms and conditions' if modification is performed for commercial reasons, then it is considered to result in derecognition of the initial lease/loan receivable. Such modifications include increase in the lease amount and increase in lease term, which are agreed upon with customers for commercial reasons (i.e.-, customers and the Group are both interested in substantially modifying the scope of the lease/loan transaction). Whenever such an agreement to modify is reached the old agreement and respective receivable is derecognized.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Treatment of non-substantial modifications

If expectations of fixed rate financial assets’ cash flows (such assets present core part of Group' s financial asset base) are revised for reasons other than credit risk, then changes to future contractual cash flows are discounted at the original EIR with a consequential adjustment to the carrying amount. The difference from the previous carrying amount is booked as a positive or negative adjustment to the carrying amount of the financial asset on the consolidated statement of financial position with a corresponding increase or decrease in Interest revenue/expense calculated using the effective interest method.

The carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability is adjusted if the Group revises its estimates of payments or receipts. If modification of a financial asset or liability measured at amortized cost does not result in the derecognition a modification gain/loss is calculated. The adjusted carrying amount is calculated based on the revised effective interest rate and the change in carrying amount is recorded as interest income or expense.

Changes in the contractual cash flows of the asset are recognized in statement of profit and loss and any costs or fees incurred adjust the carrying amount of the modified financial asset and are amortized over the remaining term of the modified instrument. Therefore, the original EIR determined at initial recognition is revised on modification to reflect any costs or fees incurred.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL or other financial liabilities that are measured at amortized cost. All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, directly attributable transaction costs.

The Group’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables and loans and borrowings, including  funding attracted through peer-to-peer platforms as well as subordinated borrowings.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
A financial liability is classified at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading, it is a derivative or it is designated as such upon initial recognition. Net gains or losses, including any interest expense, on liabilities held at FVTPL are recognized in the statement of profit and loss.
The Group has not designated any financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss.

Modification of financial liabilities

For financial liabilities, the Group considers a modification substantial based on qualitative factors and if it results in a difference between the adjusted discounted present value and the original carrying amount of the financial liability of, or greater than, ten percent. If the modification is substantial, then a derecognition gain or loss is recorded on derecognition. If the modification does not result in cash flows that are substantially different the modification does not result in derecognition. Based on the change in cash flows discounted at the original EIR, the Group records a modification gain or loss.

Treatment of non-substantial modifications

If expectations of fixed rate financial liabilities’ cash flows are revised, then changes to future contractual cash flows are discounted at the original EIR with a consequential adjustment to the carrying amount. The difference from the previous carrying amount is booked as a positive or negative adjustment to the carrying amount of the financial liability on the consolidated statement of financial position with a corresponding increase or decrease in Interest revenue/expense calculated using the effective interest method.

The carrying amount of the financial liability is adjusted if the Group revises its estimates of payments or receipts. If modification of a financial liability measured at amortized cost does not result in the derecognition a modification gain/loss is calculated. The adjusted carrying amount is calculated based on the original effective interest rate and the change in carrying amount is recorded as interest income or expense (Note 5).

Changes in the contractual cash flows of the asset are recognized in statement of profit and loss and any costs or fees incurred adjust the carrying amount of the modified financial asset or liability and are amortized over the remaining term of the modified instrument. Therefore, the original EIR determined at initial recognition is revised on modification to reflect any costs or fees incurred.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit and loss.

The Group considers a modification substantial based on qualitative factors and if it results in a difference between the adjusted discounted present value and the original carrying amount of the financial liability of, or greater than, ten percent.

Equity - accounted investees

The Group interests in equity-accounted investees comprise investment in associate. Associates are those entities in which the Group has significant influence, but not control or joint control, over the financial and operating policies. Interests in associates are accounted for using the equity method. They are initially recognized as cost, which includes transaction costs. As the Group gained significant influence over its associate after losing control over the investee, the deemed cost is the fair value of the interest retained subsequent to the loss of control. Subsequent to initial recognition, the consolidated financial statements include the Group's share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate, until the date on which significant influence ceases. Unrealised gain arising from transactions with associate are eliminated against the investments to the extent of the Group's interest in the investee. Unrealised losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealised gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

Group as a Lessor - Finance lease

Whilst financial lease receivables that represent financial instruments and to which IFRS 16 applies are within the scope of IAS 32 and IFRS 7, they are only within the scope of IFRS 9 to the extent that they are (1) subject to the derecognition provisions, (2) ‘expected credit loss’ requirements, (3) the relevant provisions that apply to derivatives embedded within leases, and (4) relate to sale and leaseback transactions as outlined in this note under the title Sale and Leaseback Transactions.

Group is engaged in financial lease transactions by selling vehicles to its customers through financial lease contracts. The Group earns its profits predominantly from finance income over the lease term and not from initial selling profit. 

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. As of this date:

- a lease is classified as a finance lease; and
- the amounts to be recognized at the commencement of the lease term are determined.

The commencement of the lease is the date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate).

A lease is classified as a finance lease at the inception of the lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. The inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. As of this date:

- the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term; 
- the lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price which is expected to be sufficiently lower than fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable that, at the inception of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised;
- the lease term is for the major part of the economic life of the asset, even if title is not transferred;
- at the inception of the lease, the present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to at least substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset.

Further indicators that individually or in combination would also lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are:

- the lessee can cancel the lease, the lessor’s losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the lessee;
- gains or losses from the fluctuation in the fair value of the residual accrue to the lessee.

Initial measurement

At lease commencement, the Group accounts for a finance lease, as follows:

- derecognizes the carrying amount of the underlying asset; and
- recognizes the net investment in the lease.

Upon commencement of finance lease, the Group records the net investment in leases, which consists of the sum of the minimum lease payments receivable by a lessor under a finance lease, discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease. The contracts with the customers stipulate that the title to the lease object passes to the lessee at the end of the lease term; hence, no unguaranteed residual value accrues to the lessor.  The difference between the gross investment and the net investment is recorded as unearned finance lease income. Initial direct costs, such as client commissions and commissions paid by the Group to car dealers, are included in the initial measurement of the lease receivables.

Based on contractual provisions, prepayments and other payments received from customers are normally recorded in statement of financial position upon receipt and settled against respective client’s finance lease receivables agreement at the moment of issuing next monthly invoice according to the agreement schedule.

Subsequent measurement

Finance lease income consists of the amortization of unearned finance lease income. Finance lease income is recognized based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment according to effective interest rate in respect of the finance lease. Group applies the lease payments relating to the period against the gross investment in the lease to reduce both the principal and the unearned finance income.

The Group recognizes income from variable payments that are not included in the net investment in the lease (e.g. performance based variable payments, such as penalties or debt collection income) separately in the period in which the income is earned. The lease term does not reflect the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease due to high termination fees and resulting  low probability of option exercise. Such income is recognized under “Fee and commission income” (Note 6).

After lease commencement, the net investment in a lease is not remeasured unless the lease is modified and the modified lease is not accounted for as a separate contract or  the lease term is revised when there is a change in the non-cancellable period of the lease. 

Group applies derecognition and impairment requirements in IFRS 9 to the net investment in the lease.

Group as a Lessor - Operating lease

Leases in which the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Rental income arising is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit and loss. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognized as revenue in the period in which they are earned. No maintenance fee is charged to the customers.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Group as a Lessee

Lease liability

Initial recognition

At the commencement date of the lease the Group measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date in accordance with lease term. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise:

- fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable;
- variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
- amounts expected to be payable by the Group under residual value guarantees;
- the exercise price of a purchase option if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
- payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising an option to terminate the lease.

The Group has elected for all classes of underlying assets not to separate non-lease components from lease components in lease payments. Instead Group accounts for each lease component and any associated non-lease components as a single lease component. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group uses the incremental borrowing rate. 

Lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the Group has the right to use an underlying asset, together with both:
(a) Periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Group is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
(b) Periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Group is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

At the commencement date, the Group assesses whether it is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease or to purchase the underlying asset, or not to exercise an option to terminate the lease.

Subsequent measurement

After the commencement date, the Group measures the lease liability by:
- increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability;
- reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made; and
- remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications specified, or to reflect revised in-substance fixed lease payments.

Right-of-use assets

Initial recognition

At the commencement date of the lease, the Group recognizes right-of-use asset at cost. The cost of a right-of-use asset comprises:

- the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability;
- any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received;
- any initial direct costs incurred by the Group; and
- an estimate of costs to be incurred by the Group in dismantling and removing the underlying asset, restoring the site on which it is located or restoring the underlying asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, unless those costs are to produce inventories.

Subsequent measurement

Group measures the right-of-use asset at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses; and adjusted for the remeasurement of the lease liability (which may take place when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, when there is change in estimated amounts payable under residual value guarantee or there is a change of assessment of extension, purchase or termination option) . Depreciation of the right-of-use asset is recognized on a straight-line basis in profit or loss. If the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Group by the end of the lease term or if the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Group will exercise a purchase option, the Group depreciates the right-of-use asset from the commencement date to the end of the useful life of the underlying asset. Otherwise, the right-of-use asset is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. 

Group involvement with the underlying asset before the commencement date

If a Group incurs costs relating to the construction or design of an underlying asset, the lessee accounts for those costs applying other IFRS, such as IAS 16. Costs relating to the construction or design of an underlying asset do not include payments made by the lessee for the right to use the underlying asset.

Group applies IAS 36 to determine whether the right-of-use asset is impaired and to account for any impairment loss identified. 

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Initial recognition exemptions applied

As a recognition exemption the Group elects not to apply the recognition requirements of right-of-use asset and lease liability to:
(a) Short term leases - for all classes of underlying assets; and
(b) Leases of low-value assets - on a lease-by-lease basis.

For leases qualifying as short-term leases and/or leases of low-value assets, the Group does not recognize a lease liability or right-of-use asset. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with those leases as an expense on either a straight-line basis over the lease term. 
(a) Short term leases
A short-term lease is a lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of 3 months or less. A lease that contains a purchase option is not a short-term lease. This lease exemption is applied for all classes of underlying assets. 
(b) Leases of low-value assets

The Group defines a low-value asset as one that:
1) has a value, when new of 5 000 EUR or less. Group assesses the value of an underlying asset based on the value of the asset when it is new, regardless of the age of the asset being leased.
2) the Group can benefit from use of the assets on its own, or together with, other resources that are readily available to the Group; and
3) the underlying asset is not dependent on, or highly interrelated with, other assets. 

Sale and leaseback transactions

Group also engages in financing of vehicles already owned by the customers. Under such leaseback transactions the Group purchases the underlying asset and then leases it back to the same customer. Vehicle serves as a collateral to secure all leases. The Group applies the requirements for determining when a performance obligation is satisfied in IFRS 15 to determine whether the transfer of an asset is accounted for as a sale of that asset. If the transfer of an asset by the seller-lessee does not satisfy the requirements of IFRS 15 to be accounted for as a sale of the asset, the buyer-lessor shall not recognise the transferred asset and shall recognise a financial asset equal to the transfer proceeds. It shall account for the financial asset as loans and advances to customers by applying IFRS 9.

The Group has performed SPPI test for its sale and leaseback arrangements. Vehicle serves as a collateral to secure all of such loans. Sale and leaseback contracts include contractual terms that can vary the contractual cash flows in a way that is unrelated to a basic lending arrangement. Such cash flows arise in the case or borrowers' default and are related to repossessed car sales for which any excess gains can be retained by the Group in certain jurisdictions and commissions and other fees charged to the customer that are not directly linked to outstanding principal/interest (e.g. external debt recovery costs being charged to clients with mark-up). Other contract elements relevant to SPPI assessment for components in certain jurisdictions include the leased asset repurchase options, where the option value is below the car market value at the moment of exercise and significant termination penalties for certain non-recourse contracts.

The Group has made relevant judgements and concluded that SPPI test is met in all above circumstances as 1) repossession commissions and fees charged by the Group are intended to cover the costs incurred by the Group in the debt servicing process under regular lending model, 2) the fact that in certain jurisdictions the Group maintains proceeds from sale of repossessed car in excess of recovered exposure (if applicable) is not an evidence that the risk taken up by the Group is in fact the price risk of the car and not the credit risk. The Group is able to sell the collateral and keep any surplus only on default and the occasional trivial gains from the transaction are not the purpose of the core business model (which is to earn interest income from the loan asset) and are not the focus of the business, but instead are just an instrument to minimise the credit losses, 3) termination penalties for non-recourse sale and leaseback transactions  charged to the customers in certain jurisdictions are also contractual elements intended to compensate for credit risk and do not result in any notable net gains to the Group.

Inventories 

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs necessary to make the sale. 

Inventories contain only vehicles which are purchased for the sole purpose of selling them to customers.

Value of inventories is measured by using specific identification of  individual unit cost. Disposal of each individual stock item is performed on sale of respective individual stock item.

Accrued revenue or expenses from currency trading

The Group recognizes accrued income or expenses from transactions of trading currency based on currency rates agreed for each currency hedging transaction. The difference between hedging rate and currency rate at year end is recognized as accrued income or expenses depending from mathematical result.

Assets held for sale 

The Group classifies non-current assets and disposal groups as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. 

Assets held for sale includes vehicles which are obtained by enforcement of repossession in case clients default on existing lease agreements. Such repossessed collaterals are classified as held for sale and measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell (FVLCTS). Costs to sell are the incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset, excluding finance costs and income tax expense. Once classified as held-for-sale, vehicles are no longer depreciated.

The criteria for held for sale classification is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Actions required to complete the sale should indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the sale will be made or that the decision to sell will be withdrawn. Management must be committed to the plan to sell the asset and the sale expected to be completed within one year from the date of the classification.

Assets classified as held for sale are presented separately as current items in the statement of financial position.

Share premium

Share premium represents the amount subscribed for share capital in excess of nominal value.

Reserves

Luxembourg companies are required to allocate to a legal reserve a minimum of 5% of its annual net profit until this reserve equals 10% of the subscribed share capital. This reserve may not be distributed.

Lithuania companies are required to allocate to a legal reserve a minimum of 10% of its annual net profit until this reserve equals 10% of the subscribed share capital. This reserve may not be distributed.

Moldavian companies are required to allocate to a reserve capital amount in proportion of at least 5% of its annual net profit, until reserve capital equals 10% the amount of the share capital. The reserve capital of the company may be used only to cover losses or to increase its share capital.

Macedonian companies are required to allocate to a reserve capital amount in proportion of at least 5% of its annual net profit, until reserve capital equals 10% the amount of the share capital. The reserve capital of the company may be used only to cover losses or to increase its share capital. Reserve may be increased above 5% in order to meet capital adequacy ratio.

Romanian companies are required to allocate to a reserve capital amount in proportion of at least 5% of its annual net profit, until reserve capital equals 20% the amount of the share capital. The reserve capital of the company may be used only to cover losses or to increase its share capital.

Foreign currency translation reserve is used to record exchange differences arising from the translation of assets and liabilities of foreign operations.

Transactions with peer-to-peer platforms

Background

Certain subsidiaries, as loan originators, have signed cooperation agreements with operator of a peer-to-peer (P2P) investment internet-based platform. Cooperation agreements and the related assignment agreements are in force until parties agree to terminate. Purpose of the cooperation agreement for the Group is to attract funding through the P2P platform.

The P2P platform makes it possible for individual and corporate investors to obtain a fully proportionate interest cash flows and the principal cash flows from debt instruments (finance lease receivables or loans and advances to customers) issued by the Group in exchange for an upfront payment. These rights are established through assignment agreements between investors and P2P platform, who is acting as an agent on behalf of the Group. Assignment agreements are of two types:

1) Agreements with recourse rights which require the Group to guarantee full repayment of invested funds by the investor in case of default of Group’s customer (buy back guarantee);
2) Agreements without recourse rights which do not require the Group to guarantee repayment of invested funds by the investor in case of default of the customer (no buy back guarantee).

The Group retains the legal title to its debt instruments (including payment collection), but transfers a part of equitable title and interest to investors through P2P platform.

Receivables and payables from/to P2P platform

The P2P platform is acting as an agent in transferring cash flows between the Group and investors. The receivable for attracted funding from investors through the P2P platform corresponds to the due payments from the P2P platform.

Receivable is arising from assignments made through P2P platform where the related investment is not yet transferred to the Group (Note 32).

P2P platform commissions and service fees incurred by the Group are fees charged by P2P platform for servicing the funding attracted through peer-to-peer platform and are disclosed in Note 9.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Funding attracted through peer-to-peer platform

Liabilities arising from assignments with or without recourse rights are initially recognized at cost, being the fair value of the consideration received from investors net of issue costs associated with the loan.

Liabilities to investors are recognized in statement of financial position caption Funding attracted through peer-to-peer platform (Note 38) and are treated as loans received. 

After initial recognition the funding attracted through peer-to-peer platform is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any issue costs, and any discount or premium on settlement. Gains and losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss as interest income/ expense when the liabilities are derecognized.

The Group must repay to the investor the proportionate share of the attracted funding for each debt instrument according to the conditions of the respective individual agreement with the Group’s client, which can be up to 72 months.

Assignments with recourse rights (buy back guarantee)

Assignments with recourse rights provide for direct recourse to the Group, thus do not meet the requirements to be classified as pass-through arrangement in accordance with IFRS 9. Specifically,  neither investors, nor the P2P platform bear any risks in relation to creditworthiness of the Group's borrower. The Group is obliged, on first demand of the P2P platform, to repay all monies due if loan agreement with borrower defaults . Additionally, the Group retains the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. 

Therefore, the Group’s respective debt instruments do not qualify to be considered for partial derecognition and interest expense paid to investors is shown in gross amount under Interest expense calculated using effective interest method (Note 5).

Assignments without recourse rights (no buy back guarantee)

On the contrary, assignments without recourse rights (the Group is not obliged to reimburse neither to investors nor to P2P platform if the borrower defaults) are arrangements that transfer to investors substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership equal to a fully proportionate share of the cash flows to be received from Group’s debt instruments. Therefore such arrangements are classified as pass-through arrangements in accordance with IFRS 9.

As such, a fully proportionate share, equal to investor’s claim in relation to the related debt instrument, is derecognized.

The derecognized part is accounted as an off-balance sheet item (Note 38) and interest income is recognized to the extent of being the residual interest. Residual interest is the difference between the interest earned on the respective debt instrument by the Group and the respective share of interest earned by the investor.

Provisions

In accordance with IAS 37, provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Where the Group expects some or all of provisions to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to any provision is presented in the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as finance cost.

The key provisions the Group recognizes are provisions for tax positions disputed with tax authorities.

Contingent assets and contingent liabilities

Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the financial statements. They are disclosed unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote. A contingent asset is not recognized in the financial statements but disclosed when an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

Share-based payments

The Group may grant share options of Subsidiaries to its employees. Share options are generally awarded on the first day of employment. A share-based payment is primarily a payment in equity instruments of the entity.  Under certain circumstances there are cash settlement alternatives which are subject to cash settlement events occurring or entity’s choice in certain scenarios. Given absence of an ongoing sale of subsidiaries or Eleving Group S.A., any listing process initiated and any other relevant cash settlement events, the cash settlement is considered not to be probable. The Group does not have a present obligation to settle in cash, therefore awards are classified as equity settled. The Group does not have a past practice of cash settlement for these awards.

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model. That cost is recognized in employee benefits expense, together with a corresponding increase in equity (other capital reserves), over the period in which the service and, where applicable, the performance conditions are fulfilled (the vesting period). The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense or credit in the statement of profit and loss for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest because non-market performance and/or service conditions have not been met. Where awards include a market or non-vesting condition, the transactions are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the grant date fair value of the unmodified award, provided the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense, measured as at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.

Income and expenses

Revenue is recognized in accordance with the related standard’s requirements and to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured.

Income from cession of bad debt 

Gain or loss from sale of doubtful financial lease receivables and loans and advances to customers is presented on net basis under ” Net loss from de-recognition of financial assets measured at amortized cost”. Gains or losses arising on cession deals are recognized in the statement of profit and loss at transaction date as the difference between the proceeds received and the carrying amount of derecognized lease receivables assigned through cession agreements.

Expenses related to attracting funding

Expenses related to attracting funding consists of administration fee for using peer-to-peer platform. Expenses are charged monthly and recognized in Group's statement of profit and loss when they occur.

Revenues and expenses from contracts with customers

Revenue from contracts with customers in scope of IFRS 15 encompasses sold goods or services provided as output of the Group’s ordinary activities. The Group uses the following criteria to identify contracts with customers:
- the parties in the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations;
- can be identified each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred;
- can be identified the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred;
- the contract has commercial substance (i.e. the risk, timing or amount of the entity’s future cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract);
- it is probable that the Group will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.

Performance obligations are promises in the contracts (either explicitly stated or implied) with Group’s customers to transfer to the customers distinct goods or services. Promised goods or services represent separate performance obligations if the goods or services are distinct. A promised good or service is considered distinct if the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or with other readily available resources (i.e. distinct individually) and the good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (distinct within the context of the contract). Both of these criteria must be met to conclude that the good or service is distinct.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated. In determining the transaction price for the sale of equipment, the Group considers the effects of variable consideration, the existence of significant financing components, noncash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer (if any). 

The Group recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation to transfer a promised good or service to a customer. Revenue is recognized when customer obtains control of the respective good or service. Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Revenue from satisfied performance obligations is recognized over time, if one of the following criteria is met:
- customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits;
- customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced;
- the Group’s performance creates an asset and has a right to payment for performance completed.

Payment terms for goods or services transferred to customers according to contract terms are within 45 to 60  days from the provision of services or sale of goods. The transaction price is generally determined by the contractually agreed conditions. Invoices typically are issued after the goods have been sold or service provided.

Key revenue streams the Group generates relate to provision of goods or services provided directly to end customer with no third party service/product provider involved. In such transactions the Group acts as a principal. However, for certain services, where other parties are involved, as described below, the Group performs assessment whether it acts as an agent or a principal. Such revenue streams include income from debt collection activities, income from providing registration services and income from agency services as described below.

When another party is involved in providing goods or services to the Group's customers, the Group considers that it is a principal, if it obtains control of any one of the following:

a) a good or another asset from the other party that it then transfers to the customer;

b) a right to a service to be performed by the other party, which gives the entity the ability to direct that party to provide the service to the customer on the entity's behalf - relevant for car registration income to conclude on principal presentation;

c) a good or service from the other party that it then combines with other goods or services in providing the specified good or service to the customer - relevant for debt collection income to conclude on agent presentation.

Revenue from car sales and other goods (Note 11)

Sale of motor vehicles and other goods (point in time)

The Group earns part of its revenues from the sales of used vehicles that were either bought from third parties or repossessed from its non-performing leasing customers . The Group is calculating minimum sales price based on initial cost or value after repossession plus additional cost incurred (e.g. repairs) and a margin added in order to make profit from the deal. The performance obligation is satisfied when the car is registered on client’s name. Similarly the Group is selling mobile phones in Africa region.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

Other operating income (Note 14)

Income from management services (over time)

The Group provides management services to its related parties. Income is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for providing these services. The performance obligation is satisfied as the respective service is being provided.

Revenue from agency services (point in time)

Agency services consist of different services, such as settlement of costs on behalf of 3rd parties and recharging those costs to customers. The Group is acting as an agent in provision of these services to the customers. Such services are provided with the intention to realize the economies of scale of purchasing power for a service that is both used by the Group and the 3rd party. The Group recognises revenue in the amount of any fee or commission to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for arranging for the specified services to be provided by the other party. The performance obligation is satisfied when the respective service has been provided.

Variable consideration revenue from client acquisition (point in time)

The Group has entered into a contract with JSC Primero Finance on providing commercial client acquisition services with the variable component of the contract on 26 September, 2019.

The fee is paid on all concluded agreements with clients. The fee consists of two elements - fixed and variable. Fixed fee is set as % from total loan amount and is invoiced every month based on concluded agreement list for previous month. Variable fee part is an additional fee and is set as percentage dependant on the specific annual percentage rate (APR) threshold for each individual concluded agreement.

The fixed and variable part of client acquisition fee is calculated and invoiced monthly. The revenue from the fixed part of the fee is recognized at point in time as the corresponding performance obligations are satisfied, and there is no significant judgement applied to determine the transaction price or the satisfaction of the performance obligations.

The additional client acquisition fee is determined to be a variable consideration as it is based on the individual APR of each concluded agreement.

In the case of loan defaults, the parties agreed to measure the default loss. In the cases when not all outstanding debt has been covered after the collateral sale, the Group returns part (proportional to the uncovered debt) of the additional fee, which has been invoiced to JSC Primero Finance.

Contract balances

Contract assets

A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Group performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, a contract asset is recognized for the earned consideration.

As at 31 December 2023 the Group did not have any contract assets in its consolidated statement of financial position.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are extinguished and revenue is recognized when the Group performs under the contract.

As at 31 December 2023 the Group does not have any contract liabilities in its consolidated statement of financial position.

Income taxes

Income taxes include current and deferred taxes. Income taxes are recognized in profit and loss except to the extent that they are related to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or other comprehensive income. Current tax comprises the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group and the Parent Company operates. 

Current corporate income tax rate for the Parent company is applied at the statutory rate of 24.94%. Current corporate income tax rates for the foreign subsidiaries are:

* - as described further below corporate income tax in these countries is paid on distributed profits and deemed profit distributions only.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred income tax is recognized on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit / loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred income taxes assets and liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities where there is an intention to settle the balances on a net basis.

In Latvia, Estonia and Georgia deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized starting from 2017 or before in accordance with local legislation. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities which were calculated and recognized previously have been reversed through the statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income in the year when the legislation was amended (for Latvia: 2017).

In Latvia legal entities are not  required to pay income tax on earned profits starting from 1 January 2018 in accordance with amendments made to the Corporate Income Tax Law of the Republic of Latvia. Corporate income tax is paid on distributed profits and deemed profit distributions. Consequently, current and deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rate applicable to undistributed profits. Starting from 1 January 2018, both distributed profits and deemed profit distributions are subject to the tax rate of 20 per cent of their gross amount, or 20/80 of net expense. Corporate income tax on dividends is recognized in the statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income as expense in the reporting period when respective dividends are declared, while, as regards to other deemed profit items, at the time when expense is incurred in the reporting year.

Similar accounting policies are adopted in Estonia and Georgia.

Related parties

The parties are considered related when one party has a possibility to control the other one or has significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Related parties of the Group are shareholders who could control or who have significant influence over the Group in accepting operating business decisions, key management personnel of the Group including members of Supervisory body - Audit committee and close family members of any above-mentioned persons, as well as entities over which those  persons have a control or significant influence.

The Group has defined that a person or a close member of that person’s family is related to a reporting entity if that person: 

- has control or joint control of the reporting entity;

- has significant influence over the reporting entity; or 

- is a member of the key management personnel of the reporting entity or of a parent of the reporting entity.

2. Material accounting policy information (continued)

An entity is related to a reporting entity if any of the following conditions applies:

- The entity and the reporting entity are members of the same group (which means that each parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary is related to the others);

- One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member);

- Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party;

- One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity;

- The entity is a post‑employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the reporting entity or an entity related to the reporting entity. If the reporting entity is itself such a plan, the sponsoring employers are also related to the reporting entity;

- The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a);

- A person identified in (a)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity);

- The entity, or any member of a group of which it is a part, provides key management personnel services to the reporting entity or to the parent of the reporting entity.

A related party transaction is a transfer of resources, services or obligations between a reporting entity and a related party, regardless of whether a price is charged.

Non-controlling interest

Non-controlling interest is that part of the net results and of the equity of a subsidiary attributable to interests which are not owned, directly or indirectly, by the Group. Non-controlling interest forms a separate component of the Group’s equity.

Non-controlling interest are measured initially at their proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets at the date of acquisition.

Dividend distribution

Dividend distribution to the shareholders of the Group is recognized as a liability and as distribution of retained earnings in the financial statements in the period in which the dividends are approved by the shareholders as the Group has the obligations to pay the dividend which cannot be withdrawn.

Subsequent events

Post-period-end events that provide additional information about the Group’s position at the statement of financial position date (adjusting events) are reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Post-period-end events that are not adjusting events are disclosed in the notes when material.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses, and disclosure of contingencies. The most significant areas of estimation and judgement used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements include assumptions used in Goodwill and other non-financial asset impairment tests, Impairment of financial assets, Determination of fair values and judgements around Going concern and military conflict in Ukraine impact assessment. They are described below among other estimates and judgements used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates and conclusions are based on the management’s best knowledge of current events and actions, the actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.

Principal versus agent assessment

In provision of agency services (Note 14) the Group has assessed that it does not obtain control of these services before they are transferred to customers, as these services or goods are acquired on their behalf. Therefore, it is considered agent in these transactions.

The Group is also acting as an agent in purchasing specific goods and services from 3rd parties on behalf of customers - mainly legal, recruitment and similar services, as it does not obtain control of the service, does not incur inventory risk nor has discretion in determining the sales price. For all other revenue streams the Group concluded that it acts as a principal.

Other revenue streams where the Group involves third parties in the provision of services include income from debt collection activities (Group acts as an agent as it does not control the service before it is provided to the customer) and income from car registration services (Group acts as a principal as it controls the asset being registered for the prospective customer).

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

Goodwill and other non-financial asset impairment tests 

The calculation of value in use for cash generating units among other is sensitive to the assumptions of discount rate and growth rates. These assumptions and their sensitivity are outlined in Note 21.

Determination of the FVLCTS of assets held for sale

Determination of the FVLCTS for repossessed vehicles is performed on an individual basis at the moment of the repossession.

Management's estimate is based on available data from historical sales transactions for such assets in previous reporting periods. The Group also considers factors such as historical actual average loss (if any) from the previous years. Management considers whether also events after the reporting year indicate a decline in the sales prices of such assets.

See further information in Note 35.

Estimation of the residual value of rental fleet 

The Group assesses at each reporting date whether there is an indication that the expected residual value of the rental fleet asset at the end of the current rental period may not be recoverable. The residual value is an estimate of the amount that could be received from disposal of the vehicle at the reporting date if the asset were already of the age and in the condition that it will be in when Group expects to dispose of it (i.e. after expiration of the ultimate lease period, if any). Therefore, if any indication exists, in order to determine the recoverable amount for rental fleet assets, the management uses valuation models based on two methods primarily depending from the status of the lease agreement: 

1) value in use (VIU) - for assets with active lease agreements; and

2) fair value less costs of disposal (FVLCOD) - for assets with inactive lease agreements.

VIU is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash generating unit, both from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. In assessing VIU, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using WACC. In measuring VIU the Group bases its cash flow projections on reasonable and supportable assumptions that represent management’s best estimate of the range of economic conditions that will exist over the remaining useful life of the asset covering in total 7-year period.

For assets with an inactive lease agreement the Group applies probability-weighted scenario in determining the possible future use of vehicles - secondary rent or disposal. The outcome of the probability-weighted scenario has been determined based on the Group’s/Company’s historical data. According to management assessment, the carrying amount of secondary rent assets is expected to be recovered principally through a continuing use of it rather than sale transactions, therefore VIU method has been applied.

For assets with an inactive agreement, for which the carrying amount is expected to be recovered principally through disposal, the Group determines the residual value based on FVLCOD method. Assumptions applied for determination of the FVLCOD of assets are based on making a reliable estimate of the price at which a transaction to sell the asset would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions and on available data from historical sales transactions. The market price is being adjusted for car repair costs, which are estimated based on historical data for an average vehicle repair expenses occurred in 2022. In addition, management considers whether events after the reporting year indicate a decline in the sales prices of such assets. Costs of disposal are incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset or cash generating unit, excluding finance costs and income tax expense.

For assets an assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Company estimates the asset’s or cash-generating unit’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit and loss and other comprehensive income unless the asset is carried at a revaluated amount, in which case the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.

As at 31 December 2023 the Group recognised impairment of rental fleet. Please refer to Note 22.

Impairment of financial assets

The measurement of impairment losses under IFRS 9 across all categories of financial assets in scope requires judgement, in particular, the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows and collateral values when determining impairment losses and the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, changes in which can result in different levels of allowances. The Group’s ECL calculations are outputs of complex models with a number of underlying assumptions regarding the choice of variable inputs and their interdependencies. Elements of the ECL models that are considered accounting judgements and estimates include Probability of Default and Loss Given Default, judgment is applied also when determining significant increase in credit risk.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

Impairment of finance lease receivables and loans and advances to customers

The Probability of Default (PD)

The Probability of Default is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon, where default is defined as:
1. 61 DPD (Finance lease receivables and secured loans, matured countries)
2. 35 DPD (Finance lease receivables and secured loans, non-matured countries)
3. 61 DPD Loans and advances to customers (unsecured loans, car loans) 
4. 91 DPD Loans and advances to customers (unsecured loans, acquired businesses). 
In order to estimate PDs the Group utilizes Markov chains methodology. This methodology employs statistical analysis of historical transitions between delinquency buckets to estimate the probability that loan will eventually end up in default state which is set as absorbing state. 
The Group uses 12-months continuous horizon window (or smaller if actual lifetime of the product is shorter), and estimation over lifetime is defined as nth power of 12-months matrix (n - depends on the estimated lifetime, e.g., if lifetime is 36-months then n=3).
Exposures are grouped into buckets of days past due (DPD) loans/leases.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

Recoverability of deferred tax asset

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. The deferred tax assets are recognized based on profitability assumptions over 3 year horizon. In developing these assumptions the Group considers both positive and negative evidence of past performance and future development plans to ensure that assumptions used are reasonable, realistic and achievable. The future taxable profit of 2024-2025 has been approved by the Management Board, while 2026 is considered as plausible taxable profit of the Group. Budgeting models used are the same as the ones used in goodwill impairment tests.

At each reporting date, the Group’s management analyses the recoverability of deferred tax and reduces the deferred tax asset if it is no longer probable that during the period of utilization of tax losses future taxable profits will be available against which unused tax losses can be utilized (Note 18).

Capitalization of development costs

For capitalization of expenses in process of developing Group's enterprise resource planning (ERP) system and other IT systems management uses certain assumptions. Capitalization of salary expenses of IT personnel is based on employee time sheets and personnel involved in development dedicate up to 80% of their time on developing new functionality. Therefore up to 80% of salary expenses of involved personnel are capitalized under Other intangible assets while remaining 20% are recognized as salary expenses in Statement of profit and loss.

Expenses from amortization of capitalized development costs are included in statement of profit and loss caption "Administrative expense".

See further information in Note 21.

Separation of embedded derivatives from the host contract

The Group has certain call and put option arrangements that can accelerate repayment of the issued bonds. These options arise out of bond (host contract) prospectus and meet the definition of an embedded derivative in accordance with IFRS 9.

Call option, which is  included in Latvian bond prospectus, gives the Group the right, but not the obligation to carry out early redemption, either in full or partially, of the issued bonds with a 1% premium. There is also a put option possibility in case (i) certain financial covenants are breached (ii) Interest and/or Nominal Amount payments have not been missed and (iii) the Issuer has been declared insolvent or has submitted an application for liquidation, then each bondholder has the right to request that all, or only some, of its Latvian bonds are repurchased at the nominal amount plus accrued unpaid interests and Default Interest.

There are also call and put options included in Eurobond prospectus. The Group may redeem all of the outstanding Eurobonds in full prior to the their maturity date, at the make whole amount if the call is exercised before 18 October 2023; 104.75 percent of the nominal amount if such redemption right is exercised after the first call date up to 18 October 2024; at 102.375 percent of the nominal amount if is exercised after the second call date up to up to 18 October 2025; and 100% of the Nominal Amount if the call option is exercised after 18 October 2025. There is also a put option possibility in case of change of control event, breach of certain financial covenants, ultimate beneficial owner of the Group being included into a sanction list of the European Union and the USE, then each bondholder has the right to request that all, or only some, of its Eurobonds are repurchased at a price of 101.00 percent of the nominal amount plus accrued unpaid interests.

The Group’s management has evaluated that the embedded derivatives are not contractually separable, not contractually transferrable independently and have the same counterparty. Each option’s exercise price is approximately equal on each exercise date to the amortized cost of bond, therefore these embedded derivatives are not separated from the host contract.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

Fair value of employee share options

The Group’s employees have entered a share option agreement with the Parent Company or the Parent Company’s shareholders and Subsidiaries. Under the agreements respective employees obtain rights to acquire Parent company’s or certain subsidiaries’ shares under several graded vesting scenarios. The respective option would be classified as an equity-settled share-based payment transaction in Group’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS 2. There are cash settlement alternatives. Given absence of an ongoing sale of any of Subsidiaries or the Parent or any listing process initiated and other relevant cash settlement events, then cash settlement is considered not to be probable and the Group does not have a present obligation to settle in cash. 

The Group’s management has estimated that fair value of the options would not be materially different than zero. If it were, the Group would have to record expenses related to this transaction and recognize a respective component of equity.

In estimating fair value for the share option the most appropriate valuation model would depend on the terms and conditions of the grant. In 2019 fair value of employee share options has been estimated by first establishing the fair value at the grant date of the relevant issuer company/group applying discounted cash flow valuation methodology and same assumptions as the ones used in value in use estimation (refer to Goodwill impairment tests). Subsequently, the estimate is adjusted by the number of options granted, vesting period and the employee turnover rates in the respective grade.

Management has considered that the financial position of the Subsidiaries that have issued share options (in particular for General Employee Share Option Plan described in Note 48), the particular features mentioned in the option agreements, such as buy-back options, non-competition clauses embedded in the agreements, restrictions of sales of shares, as well as dividend policy of the Parent Company (for both of the plans described in Note 48) effectively indicate that fair value of the employee options would not be material.

Deferred Tax Liability on unremitted earnings

In Latvia, Estonia and Georgia legal entities are required to pay income tax on earned profits in accordance with local legislation on Corporate Income Tax. Corporate income tax would be paid on distributed profits and deemed profit distributions. Corporate income tax on dividends would be recognized in the statement of profit and loss as expense in the reporting period when respective dividends are declared, while, as regards other deemed profit items, at the time when expense is incurred in the reporting year.

The Group has decided to use these beneficial tax regimes to reinvest profits in further development of respective subsidiaries, therefore it does not plan to distribute dividends from subsidiaries in these countries in the next 5 years. The Group controls the process of dividend distribution and does not plan to distribute dividends from subsidiaries of these countries for year 2023 and after in the foreseeable future: 5 year horizon is considered appropriate given the Group's planning cycle.

Due to above mentioned reason, the Group has not recognized deferred tax liabilities.

See further information in Note 17.

Provisions

Significant management judgement is used for estimating provisions in relation to tax amounts disputed with tax authorities.
For more details see Note 37.

Lease term determination under IFRS 16 (Group as a Lessee)

IFRS 16 requires that in determining the lease term and assessing the length of the non-cancellable period of a lease, an entity shall determine the period for which the contract is enforceable. In assessment of lease term determination the Group considers the enforceable rights and obligations of both parties. If both the lessee and the lessor can terminate the contract without more than an insignificant penalty at any time at or after the end of the non-cancellable term, then there are no enforceable rights and obligations beyond the non-cancellable term. For lease agreements without a fixed term and agreements that are “rolled over” on monthly basis until either party gives notice the Group considers that it does have enforceable rights and obligations under such agreements, therefore a reasonable estimate of the lease term assessment is made.

When determining the lease term, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive for the lessee to exercise an option to renew or not to exercise an option to terminate early. When assessing whether the Group is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend, or not to exercise an option to terminate early, the economic reasons underlying the Group's past practice regarding the period over which it has typically used particular types of assets (whether leased or owned) are considered. Furthermore, the following factors are considered: level of rentals in any secondary period compared with market rates, contingent payments, renewal and purchase options, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the signing of a new replacement lease, costs to return the underlying asset, nature and the level of specialization of the leased assets, asset location, availability of suitable alternatives and existence of significant leasehold improvements. See Note 23.

Lease liability incremental borrowing rate determination under IFRS 16 (Group as a Lessee)

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

The Group has used market rates in each of the countries as its incremental borrowing rate. The discount rate applied is obtained from official state government institutions as the average market rate available at the beginning of the lease agreement for loans over a similar term, security, value and applied  in similar economic environment. The Group considers market rates used as an appropriate measure for incremental borrowing rates as they correctly reflect the ability the respective subsidiary to finance a specific asset purchase in each of the jurisdictions given the Group’s wide geographical coverage, its track record in ability to raise public debt and the overall financial results of the Group and each subsidiary individually. 

As additional factor considered is the way how local lenders would approach the asset financing at each subsidiary level. The two most important factors assessed would be the potential borrower’s (in this case Group’s subsidiary’s) financial position and the asset that is being financed (i.e. the quality of the security). As per Group’s assessment each of the Group’s subsidiaries would qualify as a good quality borrower in the local markets in the context of overall Group results.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

Lease classification for rental fleet (Group as a Lessor)

The Group has entered into vehicle leases on its rental fleet (Note 22). These lease agreements have a non-cancellable term of 6 months and an optional term of up to 72 months. After the non-cancellable term of 6 months the lessee can return the leased asset to the Group and losses associated with the cancellation are borne by the Group. The leased asset is not transferred to lessee at the end of lease term. The Group has determined, based on an evaluation of the terms and conditions of the arrangements, such as the lease term not constituting a major part of the economic life of the leased assets and the present value of the minimum lease payments not amounting to substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset, that it retains all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of these assets and accounts for the contracts as operating leases.

Sale and leaseback transactions

Under sale and leaseback transactions the Group purchases the underlying asset and then leases it back to the same customer. To determine how to account for a sale and leaseback transaction, the Group first considers whether the initial transfer of the underlying asset from the seller-lessee (Customer) to the buyer-lessor (the Group) is a sale. The Group applies IFRS 15 to determine whether a sale has taken place.  The key indicators that control has passed to the Group include the Group having:
- a present obligation to pay; 
- physical possession (of the purchased asset); 
- a legal title (to the purchased asset); 
- the risks and rewards of ownership (of the purchased asset); 
- the Group has accepted the asset;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
- the borrower can or must repurchase the asset for an amount that is less than the original selling price of the asset.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are SPPI, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument.  This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making the assessment, the Group considers: 
- contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;
- leverage features;
- prepayment and extension terms;
- terms that limit the Group’s claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse loans); and
- features that modify consideration of the time value of money (e.g. periodical reset of interest rates).

Please refer to Note 2 for further detailed descriptions of the judgements made by management to assess whether regular loan, non-recourse loan and sale and leaseback financing arrangement contracts meet SPPI criteria. 

Obtaining control over obtained entities

During 2023 the Group obtained several new subsidiaries in a transaction where legal ownership of the companies was obtained through obtaining of a holding entity EC Finance Group SIA. The Group assumed full control over the newly obtained entities from the moment of signing the agreements since they include clauses granting the Group the power to govern the obtained entities from day of signing the share obtaining agreements. Accordingly, the Group concluded that control in accordance with IFRS 10 was exercised and commenced consolidation of the subsidiaries. The management of Eleving Group S.A. evaluated whether the acquisition of EC Finance Group SIA is considered as “transaction under common control”, whereas such transactions are outside of the scope of IFRS 3 “Business combinations”. Such evaluation was performed due to the fact that CI Holding AS and Eleving Group S.A. has overlapping shareholders. However, after careful consideration and interpretation of IFRS Accounting Policies, the management determined that the transaction should not be treated as under common control. This determination was made due to the impact of the transaction on minority shareholders, leading the management to conclude that the acquisition method prescribed by IFRS 3 should be applied. Consequently, the transaction falls within the scope of IFRS 3 for business combinations.

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (continued)

4. Interest revenue